Spaces & Exchanges
in Real Spaces
1.INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION
DEFINITION
International migration occurs when peoples cross state boundaries
and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time. Migration occurs
for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look for
economic opportunities in another country. Others migrate to be with family
members who have migrated or because of political conditions in their
countries. Education is another reason for international migration, as students
pursue their studies abroad.
2.MIXED/HYBRID
LANGUAGES
DEFINITION
-A mixed language is a language that arises through
the fusion of two source languages, normally in situations of thorough
bilingualism, so that it is not possible to classify the resulting language as
belonging to either of the language families that were its sources. Although
the concept is frequently encountered in historical linguistics from the early
twentieth century, attested cases of language mixture, as opposed to
code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing, are quite rare.
3. HUMAN INTERACTION/INTERDEPENDENCE
DEFINITION
Interdependence is a relationship in which each member
is mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependence
relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not. In an
interdependent relationship, participants may be emotionally, economically,
ecologically or morally reliant on and responsible to each other. An
interdependent relationship can arise between two or more cooperative
autonomous participants.
4.TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS
DEFINITION
Technology
Transfer also called Transfer of Technology and Technology
Commercialisation, is the process of transferring skills, knowledge,
technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities
among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure
that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range
of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new
products, processes, applications, materials or services.
5. OUTSOURCING/OFFSHORING
DEFINITIONS
- Outsourcing is the
contracting out of an internal business process to a third party organization.
The practice of contracting a business process out to a third party rather than
staffing it internally is common in the modern economy. Outsourcing sometimes involves
transferring employees and assets from one firm to another but not always.
- Offshoring describes the
relocation by a company of a business process from one country to
another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting
processes, such as accounting. Even state governments employ offshoring. More recently, offshoring has been
associated primarily with the sourcing of technical and administrative services
supporting domestic and global operations from outside the home country, by
means of internal or external delivery models.
6. BRAIN DRAIN
DEFINITION
- Brain drain is the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals
with technical skills or knowledge. The
reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and
individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be social environment.In
terms of individual reasons, there are family influence
and personal preference. Although the term originally referred to technology
workers leaving a nation. Is usually regarded as an economic cost, since
emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training
sponsored by the government or other organizations.
7. INTERNATIONAL/GLOBALIZED TRADE
DEFINITION
- International
trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international
borders or territories.While international trade has been present throughout
much of history, its economic, social, and
political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
8. MASS/SUSTAINABLE/ECO TOURISM
DEFINITIONS
- Mass tourism could
only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport
of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure
interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits
of leisure time.
- Sustainable tourism is tourism
attempting to make as low an impact on the environment and local culture as
possible, while helping to generate future employment for local people. The aim
of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development brings a positive
experience for local people, tourism companies and the tourists themselves.
- Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed
natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to
standard commercial (mass) tourism. Its purpose may be to educate the traveler,
to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic
development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster
respect for different cultures and for human rights.
9. HUMAN SMUGGLING/TRAFFICKING
DEFINITIONS
- People smuggling is the
facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry
of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of
one or more countries laws, either clandestinely or through deception,
such as the use of fraudulent documents.
- Human trafficking is the
trade in human beings, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced
labor or for the extraction of organs or tissues, including surrogacy and ova removal. Trafficking is a lucrative industry, representing an
estimated $32 billion per year in international trade, compared to the
estimated annual $650 billion for all illegal international trade circa 2010.
10. ARMS TRADE/TRAFFICKING
DEFINITIONS
- The arms industry is a global business which manufactures weapons and
military technology and equipment. It consists of commercial industry involved
in research, development, production, and service of military material,
equipment and facilities. Arms producing companies, also referred to as defense
contractors or military industry, produce arms mainly for the armed forces of
states. Departments of government also operate in the arms industry, buying and
selling weapons, munitions and other military items.
- Arms
trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is the illegal trafficking or smuggling
of contraband weapons or ammunition. What constitutes legal trade in firearms
varies widely, depending on local and national laws.
11. ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE
DEFINITION
- The illegal drug trade is a global black market, dedicated to
cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and sale of drugs, which are subject
to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under
license, of many types of drugs by drug prohibition laws.
12. RURAL-URBAN/URBAN-RURAL
MIGRATION
DEFINITIONS
- Rural-Urban
is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even
suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. It is
closely linked to modernisation, industrialisation, and the sociological
process of rationalisation.
-
Urban-rural health differences are observed in many countries, even when
socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are controlled for. People living
in urban areas are often found to be less healthy. When socioeconomic and
demographic variables are controlled for, movers appear to be less healthy,
with the exception of the younger age groups.
13. UPWARD SOCIAL/GEOGRAPHIC
MOBILITY
DEFINITIONS
- Upward social mobility is a change
in a person's social status resulting in that person rising to a higher
position in their status system.
- Geographic mobility is the measure of how populations
move over time. Geographic mobility, population mobility, or more simply
mobility is also a statistic that measures migration within a population. These
moves can be as large scale as international migrations or as small as regional
commuting arrangements. Geographic mobility has a large impact on many
sociological factors in a community and is a current topic of academic
research. It varies between different regions depending on both formal policies
and established social norms, and has different effects and responses in
different societies.
14. RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS/AID AGENCIES
DEFINITION
- An aid
agency is an organisation dedicated to distributing aid. Many professional aid
organisations exist, both within government (e.g. AusAID, USAID, DFID, EuropeAid,
ECHO), between governments as multilateral donors (e.g. UNDP) and as private
voluntary organizations (or non-governmental organisations, (e.g. ActionAid,
Oxfam, World Vision). The International Committee of the Red Cross is unique in
being mandated by international treaty to uphold the Geneva Conventions.
15. STUDENT EXCHANGE PROGRAMS
DEFINITION
- A student
exchange program is a program where students from a secondary school or
university study abroad at one of their institution's partner institutions.
Student exchange programs may involve international travel, but does not
necessarily require the student to study outside of their home country.he term
"exchange" means that a partner institution accepts a student, but
does not necessarily mean that the students have to find a counterpart from the
other institution with whom to exchange.
16. GLOBAL CITIES/GLOBAL CULTURAL EVENTS
DEFINITIONS
- A global
city is a city
generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The
concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that
globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in
strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the
operation of the global system of finance and trade.
17.GLOBAL WARMING
DEFINITION
- Global warming is the rise
in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th
century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's
mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C, with
about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.Warming of the climate
system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is
primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by
human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
